Expression Operators

Where they can be used: factor expressions in data-processing nodes, condition expressions in strategy nodes, and label definitions for AI models

1. Basic operators

Element-wise calculations performed independently at each data point

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
abs	abs(x)	Absolute value	Number	abs(close - open)
log	log(x)	Natural logarithm	Number	log(volume)
exp	exp(x)	Exponential function e^x	Number	exp(returns)
sqrt	sqrt(x)	Square root	Number	sqrt(variance)
sign	sign(x)	Sign function (returns -1, 0, or 1)	-1/0/1	sign(returns)
round	round(x, decimals)	Rounds to the specified number of decimal places	Number	round(price, 2)
max	max(x, y)	Element-wise maximum	Number	max(open, close)
min	min(x, y)	Element-wise minimum	Number	min(open, close)
mean	mean([cols])	Element-wise mean across multiple columns	Number	mean([open, high, low, close])
if	if(cond, x, y)	Conditional selection	x or y	if(close > open, 1, -1)
clip	clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to [lower, upper]	Number	clip(returns, -0.1, 0.1)
qclip	qclip(x, q)	Symmetrically clips values to the [q, 1-q] quantiles	Number	qclip(returns, 0.01)

2. Time-series operators

Rolling-window calculations over time, grouped by instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
shift	shift(x, n)	Shifts by n periods (n > 0 retrieves historical values)	Number	shift(close, 1)
delta	delta(x, n)	n-period difference: x - shift(x, n)	Number	delta(close, 1)
pct	pct(x, n)	n-period rate of change: delta(x,n) / shift(x,n)	Number	pct(close, 1)
argmax	argmax(x, n)	Position of the maximum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmax(high, 20)
argmin	argmin(x, n)	Position of the minimum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmin(low, 20)
t_mean	t_mean(x, n)	n-period moving average	Number	t_mean(close, 20)
t_sum	t_sum(x, n)	n-period rolling sum	Number	t_sum(volume, 5)
t_max	t_max(x, n)	n-period maximum	Number	t_max(high, 20)
t_min	t_min(x, n)	n-period minimum	Number	t_min(low, 20)
t_std	t_std(x, n)	n-period standard deviation	Number	t_std(returns, 20)
t_var	t_var(x, n)	n-period variance	Number	t_var(returns, 20)
t_prod	t_prod(x, n)	n-period rolling product	Number	t_prod(1 + returns, 20)
t_median	t_median(x, n)	n-period median	Number	t_median(close, 20)
t_quantile	t_quantile(x, n, q)	q quantile over n periods	Number	t_quantile(close, 20, 0.75)
t_skew	t_skew(x, n)	n-period skewness	Number	t_skew(returns, 20)
t_kurt	t_kurt(x, n)	n-period kurtosis	Number	t_kurt(returns, 20)
t_rank	t_rank(x, n)	Rank within n periods (maximum = 1)	Integer	t_rank(close, 20)
t_pctrank	t_pctrank(x, n)	Percentile rank within n periods (0–1)	Number	t_pctrank(close, 20)
t_count	t_count(cond, n)	Number of periods for which the condition is true	Integer	t_count(close > open, 20)
t_all	t_all(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true for every period	Boolean	t_all(close > ma20, 5)
t_any	t_any(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true in any period	Boolean	t_any(volume > avg_vol * 2, 5)
t_corr	t_corr(x, y, n)	n-period rolling correlation	Number	t_corr(close, volume, 20)
t_cov	t_cov(x, y, n)	n-period rolling covariance	Number	t_cov(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_beta	t_beta(y, x, n)	n-period regression slope β	Number	t_beta(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_alpha	t_alpha(y, x, n)	n-period regression intercept α	Number	t_alpha(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_residual	t_residual(y, x, n)	n-period regression residual	Number	t_residual(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_zscore	t_zscore(x, n)	n-period time-series Z-score normalization	Number	t_zscore(close, 20)
t_scale	t_scale(x, n)	n-period time-series min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	t_scale(rsi, 20)

3. Cross-sectional operators

Calculations across all instruments, grouped by timestamp

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
c_mean	c_mean(x)	Cross-sectional mean	Number	c_mean(returns)
c_sum	c_sum(x)	Cross-sectional sum	Number	c_sum(volume)
c_max	c_max(x)	Cross-sectional maximum	Number	c_max(returns)
c_min	c_min(x)	Cross-sectional minimum	Number	c_min(returns)
c_std	c_std(x)	Cross-sectional standard deviation	Number	c_std(returns)
c_median	c_median(x)	Cross-sectional median	Number	c_median(pe_ratio)
c_rank	c_rank(x)	Cross-sectional rank (maximum = 1)	Integer	c_rank(returns)
c_pctrank	c_pctrank(x)	Cross-sectional percentile rank (0–1)	Number	c_pctrank(momentum)
c_percentile	c_percentile(x, q)	Cross-sectional quantile value	Number	c_percentile(volume, 0.9)
c_top	c_top(x, n)	Marks the top N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_top(momentum, 10)
c_bottom	c_bottom(x, n)	Marks the bottom N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_bottom(momentum, 10)
c_zscore	c_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional Z-score normalization	Number	c_zscore(pe_ratio)
c_scale	c_scale(x)	Cross-sectional min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	c_scale(volume)
c_mad_zscore	c_mad_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional MAD Z-score (robust normalization)	Number	c_mad_zscore(returns)
c_clip	c_clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to a specified interval within the cross section	Number	c_clip(zscore, -3, 3)
c_qclip	c_qclip(x, q)	Quantile clipping within the cross section	Number	c_qclip(returns, 0.01)
c_residual	c_residual(y, x)	Cross-sectional regression residual (neutralization)	Number	c_residual(returns, market_cap)
c_absunit	c_absunit(x, a?)	Cross-sectional absolute-value normalization	Number	c_absunit(alpha)

4. Technical indicators

Classic technical-analysis indicators calculated separately for each instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
ta_ma	ta_ma(x, n)	Simple Moving Average (SMA)	Number	ta_ma(close, 20)
ta_ema	ta_ema(x, n)	Exponential Moving Average (EMA)	Number	ta_ema(close, 12)
ta_wma	ta_wma(x, n)	Weighted Moving Average (WMA)	Number	ta_wma(close, 20)
ta_rsi	ta_rsi(x, n)	Relative Strength Index (RSI)	0-100	ta_rsi(close, 14)
ta_roc	ta_roc(x, n)	Rate of Change (ROC)	Number	ta_roc(close, 10)
ta_mom	ta_mom(x, n)	Momentum	Number	ta_mom(close, 10)
ta_cci	ta_cci(high, low, close, n)	Commodity Channel Index (CCI)	Number	ta_cci(high, low, close, 20)
ta_willr	ta_willr(high, low, close, n)	Williams %R	Number	ta_willr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_mfi	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, n)	Money Flow Index (MFI)	0-100	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, 14)
ta_bias	ta_bias(x, n)	Bias ratio (BIAS)	Number	ta_bias(close, 20)
ta_ultimate	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, n1, n2, n3)	Ultimate Oscillator	Number	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, 7, 14, 28)
ta_atr	ta_atr(high, low, close, n)	Average True Range (ATR)	Number	ta_atr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_natr	ta_natr(high, low, close, n)	Normalized Average True Range (NATR)	Percentage	ta_natr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_bbands_upper	ta_bbands_upper(x, n, k?)	Upper Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_upper(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_mid	ta_bbands_mid(x, n)	Middle Bollinger Band (the moving average)	Number	ta_bbands_mid(close, 20)
ta_bbands_lower	ta_bbands_lower(x, n, k?)	Lower Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_lower(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_width	ta_bbands_width(x, n, k?)	Bollinger Band width	Number	ta_bbands_width(close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_upper	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, n, k?)	Upper Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_lower	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, n, k?)	Lower Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_obv	ta_obv(close, volume)	On-Balance Volume (OBV)	Number	ta_obv(close, volume)
ta_cmf	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, n)	Chaikin Money Flow (CMF)	Number	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, 20)
ta_adosc	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, fast, slow)	Chaikin A/D Oscillator	Number	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, 3, 10)
ta_vwma	ta_vwma(close, volume, n)	Volume-Weighted Moving Average (VWMA)	Number	ta_vwma(close, volume, 20)
ta_adx	ta_adx(high, low, close, n)	Average Directional Index (ADX)	Number	ta_adx(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_plus	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, n)	Positive Directional Indicator (+DI)	Number	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_minus	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, n)	Negative Directional Indicator (-DI)	Number	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_aroon_up	ta_aroon_up(high, low, n)	Aroon Up	Number	ta_aroon_up(high, low, 25)
ta_aroon_down	ta_aroon_down(high, low, n)	Aroon Down	Number	ta_aroon_down(high, low, 25)
ta_macd_dif	ta_macd_dif(x, fast, slow)	MACD DIF line (fast line minus slow line)	Number	ta_macd_dif(close, 12, 26)
ta_macd_dea	ta_macd_dea(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD DEA line (EMA of DIF)	Number	ta_macd_dea(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_macd_hist	ta_macd_hist(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD histogram (DIF minus DEA)	Number	ta_macd_hist(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_kdj_k	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, n, k_smooth)	K line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, 9, 3)
ta_kdj_d	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	D line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_kdj_j	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	J line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_stoch_k	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, n)	Stochastic %K line	Number	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, 14)
ta_stoch_d	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, n, d_smooth)	Stochastic %D line	Number	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, 14, 3)
ta_cross_over	ta_cross_over(x, y)	Crossover signal (x crosses y from below)	Boolean	ta_cross_over(ma5, ma20)
ta_cross_under	ta_cross_under(x, y)	Crossunder signal (x crosses y from above)	Boolean	ta_cross_under(ma5, ma20)
ta_breakout_high	ta_breakout_high(high, n)	Signal when price breaks above the N-period high	Boolean	ta_breakout_high(high, 20)
ta_breakout_low	ta_breakout_low(low, n)	Signal when price breaks below the N-period low	Boolean	ta_breakout_low(low, 20)

5. Candlestick patterns

Recognition of classic candlestick patterns

Expression Operators

Where they can be used: factor expressions in data-processing nodes, condition expressions in strategy nodes, and label definitions for AI models

1. Basic operators

Element-wise calculations performed independently at each data point

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
abs	abs(x)	Absolute value	Number	abs(close - open)
log	log(x)	Natural logarithm	Number	log(volume)
exp	exp(x)	Exponential function e^x	Number	exp(returns)
sqrt	sqrt(x)	Square root	Number	sqrt(variance)
sign	sign(x)	Sign function (returns -1, 0, or 1)	-1/0/1	sign(returns)
round	round(x, decimals)	Rounds to the specified number of decimal places	Number	round(price, 2)
max	max(x, y)	Element-wise maximum	Number	max(open, close)
min	min(x, y)	Element-wise minimum	Number	min(open, close)
mean	mean([cols])	Element-wise mean across multiple columns	Number	mean([open, high, low, close])
if	if(cond, x, y)	Conditional selection	x or y	if(close > open, 1, -1)
clip	clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to [lower, upper]	Number	clip(returns, -0.1, 0.1)
qclip	qclip(x, q)	Symmetrically clips values to the [q, 1-q] quantiles	Number	qclip(returns, 0.01)

2. Time-series operators

Rolling-window calculations over time, grouped by instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
shift	shift(x, n)	Shifts by n periods (n > 0 retrieves historical values)	Number	shift(close, 1)
delta	delta(x, n)	n-period difference: x - shift(x, n)	Number	delta(close, 1)
pct	pct(x, n)	n-period rate of change: delta(x,n) / shift(x,n)	Number	pct(close, 1)
argmax	argmax(x, n)	Position of the maximum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmax(high, 20)
argmin	argmin(x, n)	Position of the minimum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmin(low, 20)
t_mean	t_mean(x, n)	n-period moving average	Number	t_mean(close, 20)
t_sum	t_sum(x, n)	n-period rolling sum	Number	t_sum(volume, 5)
t_max	t_max(x, n)	n-period maximum	Number	t_max(high, 20)
t_min	t_min(x, n)	n-period minimum	Number	t_min(low, 20)
t_std	t_std(x, n)	n-period standard deviation	Number	t_std(returns, 20)
t_var	t_var(x, n)	n-period variance	Number	t_var(returns, 20)
t_prod	t_prod(x, n)	n-period rolling product	Number	t_prod(1 + returns, 20)
t_median	t_median(x, n)	n-period median	Number	t_median(close, 20)
t_quantile	t_quantile(x, n, q)	q quantile over n periods	Number	t_quantile(close, 20, 0.75)
t_skew	t_skew(x, n)	n-period skewness	Number	t_skew(returns, 20)
t_kurt	t_kurt(x, n)	n-period kurtosis	Number	t_kurt(returns, 20)
t_rank	t_rank(x, n)	Rank within n periods (maximum = 1)	Integer	t_rank(close, 20)
t_pctrank	t_pctrank(x, n)	Percentile rank within n periods (0–1)	Number	t_pctrank(close, 20)
t_count	t_count(cond, n)	Number of periods for which the condition is true	Integer	t_count(close > open, 20)
t_all	t_all(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true for every period	Boolean	t_all(close > ma20, 5)
t_any	t_any(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true in any period	Boolean	t_any(volume > avg_vol * 2, 5)
t_corr	t_corr(x, y, n)	n-period rolling correlation	Number	t_corr(close, volume, 20)
t_cov	t_cov(x, y, n)	n-period rolling covariance	Number	t_cov(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_beta	t_beta(y, x, n)	n-period regression slope β	Number	t_beta(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_alpha	t_alpha(y, x, n)	n-period regression intercept α	Number	t_alpha(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_residual	t_residual(y, x, n)	n-period regression residual	Number	t_residual(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_zscore	t_zscore(x, n)	n-period time-series Z-score normalization	Number	t_zscore(close, 20)
t_scale	t_scale(x, n)	n-period time-series min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	t_scale(rsi, 20)

3. Cross-sectional operators

Calculations across all instruments, grouped by timestamp

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
c_mean	c_mean(x)	Cross-sectional mean	Number	c_mean(returns)
c_sum	c_sum(x)	Cross-sectional sum	Number	c_sum(volume)
c_max	c_max(x)	Cross-sectional maximum	Number	c_max(returns)
c_min	c_min(x)	Cross-sectional minimum	Number	c_min(returns)
c_std	c_std(x)	Cross-sectional standard deviation	Number	c_std(returns)
c_median	c_median(x)	Cross-sectional median	Number	c_median(pe_ratio)
c_rank	c_rank(x)	Cross-sectional rank (maximum = 1)	Integer	c_rank(returns)
c_pctrank	c_pctrank(x)	Cross-sectional percentile rank (0–1)	Number	c_pctrank(momentum)
c_percentile	c_percentile(x, q)	Cross-sectional quantile value	Number	c_percentile(volume, 0.9)
c_top	c_top(x, n)	Marks the top N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_top(momentum, 10)
c_bottom	c_bottom(x, n)	Marks the bottom N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_bottom(momentum, 10)
c_zscore	c_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional Z-score normalization	Number	c_zscore(pe_ratio)
c_scale	c_scale(x)	Cross-sectional min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	c_scale(volume)
c_mad_zscore	c_mad_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional MAD Z-score (robust normalization)	Number	c_mad_zscore(returns)
c_clip	c_clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to a specified interval within the cross section	Number	c_clip(zscore, -3, 3)
c_qclip	c_qclip(x, q)	Quantile clipping within the cross section	Number	c_qclip(returns, 0.01)
c_residual	c_residual(y, x)	Cross-sectional regression residual (neutralization)	Number	c_residual(returns, market_cap)
c_absunit	c_absunit(x, a?)	Cross-sectional absolute-value normalization	Number	c_absunit(alpha)

4. Technical indicators

Classic technical-analysis indicators calculated separately for each instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
ta_ma	ta_ma(x, n)	Simple Moving Average (SMA)	Number	ta_ma(close, 20)
ta_ema	ta_ema(x, n)	Exponential Moving Average (EMA)	Number	ta_ema(close, 12)
ta_wma	ta_wma(x, n)	Weighted Moving Average (WMA)	Number	ta_wma(close, 20)
ta_rsi	ta_rsi(x, n)	Relative Strength Index (RSI)	0-100	ta_rsi(close, 14)
ta_roc	ta_roc(x, n)	Rate of Change (ROC)	Number	ta_roc(close, 10)
ta_mom	ta_mom(x, n)	Momentum	Number	ta_mom(close, 10)
ta_cci	ta_cci(high, low, close, n)	Commodity Channel Index (CCI)	Number	ta_cci(high, low, close, 20)
ta_willr	ta_willr(high, low, close, n)	Williams %R	Number	ta_willr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_mfi	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, n)	Money Flow Index (MFI)	0-100	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, 14)
ta_bias	ta_bias(x, n)	Bias ratio (BIAS)	Number	ta_bias(close, 20)
ta_ultimate	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, n1, n2, n3)	Ultimate Oscillator	Number	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, 7, 14, 28)
ta_atr	ta_atr(high, low, close, n)	Average True Range (ATR)	Number	ta_atr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_natr	ta_natr(high, low, close, n)	Normalized Average True Range (NATR)	Percentage	ta_natr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_bbands_upper	ta_bbands_upper(x, n, k?)	Upper Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_upper(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_mid	ta_bbands_mid(x, n)	Middle Bollinger Band (the moving average)	Number	ta_bbands_mid(close, 20)
ta_bbands_lower	ta_bbands_lower(x, n, k?)	Lower Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_lower(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_width	ta_bbands_width(x, n, k?)	Bollinger Band width	Number	ta_bbands_width(close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_upper	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, n, k?)	Upper Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_lower	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, n, k?)	Lower Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_obv	ta_obv(close, volume)	On-Balance Volume (OBV)	Number	ta_obv(close, volume)
ta_cmf	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, n)	Chaikin Money Flow (CMF)	Number	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, 20)
ta_adosc	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, fast, slow)	Chaikin A/D Oscillator	Number	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, 3, 10)
ta_vwma	ta_vwma(close, volume, n)	Volume-Weighted Moving Average (VWMA)	Number	ta_vwma(close, volume, 20)
ta_adx	ta_adx(high, low, close, n)	Average Directional Index (ADX)	Number	ta_adx(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_plus	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, n)	Positive Directional Indicator (+DI)	Number	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_minus	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, n)	Negative Directional Indicator (-DI)	Number	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_aroon_up	ta_aroon_up(high, low, n)	Aroon Up	Number	ta_aroon_up(high, low, 25)
ta_aroon_down	ta_aroon_down(high, low, n)	Aroon Down	Number	ta_aroon_down(high, low, 25)
ta_macd_dif	ta_macd_dif(x, fast, slow)	MACD DIF line (fast line minus slow line)	Number	ta_macd_dif(close, 12, 26)
ta_macd_dea	ta_macd_dea(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD DEA line (EMA of DIF)	Number	ta_macd_dea(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_macd_hist	ta_macd_hist(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD histogram (DIF minus DEA)	Number	ta_macd_hist(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_kdj_k	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, n, k_smooth)	K line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, 9, 3)
ta_kdj_d	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	D line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_kdj_j	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	J line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_stoch_k	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, n)	Stochastic %K line	Number	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, 14)
ta_stoch_d	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, n, d_smooth)	Stochastic %D line	Number	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, 14, 3)
ta_cross_over	ta_cross_over(x, y)	Crossover signal (x crosses y from below)	Boolean	ta_cross_over(ma5, ma20)
ta_cross_under	ta_cross_under(x, y)	Crossunder signal (x crosses y from above)	Boolean	ta_cross_under(ma5, ma20)
ta_breakout_high	ta_breakout_high(high, n)	Signal when price breaks above the N-period high	Boolean	ta_breakout_high(high, 20)
ta_breakout_low	ta_breakout_low(low, n)	Signal when price breaks below the N-period low	Boolean	ta_breakout_low(low, 20)

5. Candlestick patterns

Recognition of classic candlestick patterns

Expression syntax

Data fields

Expression Operators

Where they can be used: factor expressions in data-processing nodes, condition expressions in strategy nodes, and label definitions for AI models

1. Basic operators

Element-wise calculations performed independently at each data point

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
abs	abs(x)	Absolute value	Number	abs(close - open)
log	log(x)	Natural logarithm	Number	log(volume)
exp	exp(x)	Exponential function e^x	Number	exp(returns)
sqrt	sqrt(x)	Square root	Number	sqrt(variance)
sign	sign(x)	Sign function (returns -1, 0, or 1)	-1/0/1	sign(returns)
round	round(x, decimals)	Rounds to the specified number of decimal places	Number	round(price, 2)
max	max(x, y)	Element-wise maximum	Number	max(open, close)
min	min(x, y)	Element-wise minimum	Number	min(open, close)
mean	mean([cols])	Element-wise mean across multiple columns	Number	mean([open, high, low, close])
if	if(cond, x, y)	Conditional selection	x or y	if(close > open, 1, -1)
clip	clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to [lower, upper]	Number	clip(returns, -0.1, 0.1)
qclip	qclip(x, q)	Symmetrically clips values to the [q, 1-q] quantiles	Number	qclip(returns, 0.01)

2. Time-series operators

Rolling-window calculations over time, grouped by instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
shift	shift(x, n)	Shifts by n periods (n > 0 retrieves historical values)	Number	shift(close, 1)
delta	delta(x, n)	n-period difference: x - shift(x, n)	Number	delta(close, 1)
pct	pct(x, n)	n-period rate of change: delta(x,n) / shift(x,n)	Number	pct(close, 1)
argmax	argmax(x, n)	Position of the maximum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmax(high, 20)
argmin	argmin(x, n)	Position of the minimum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmin(low, 20)
t_mean	t_mean(x, n)	n-period moving average	Number	t_mean(close, 20)
t_sum	t_sum(x, n)	n-period rolling sum	Number	t_sum(volume, 5)
t_max	t_max(x, n)	n-period maximum	Number	t_max(high, 20)
t_min	t_min(x, n)	n-period minimum	Number	t_min(low, 20)
t_std	t_std(x, n)	n-period standard deviation	Number	t_std(returns, 20)
t_var	t_var(x, n)	n-period variance	Number	t_var(returns, 20)
t_prod	t_prod(x, n)	n-period rolling product	Number	t_prod(1 + returns, 20)
t_median	t_median(x, n)	n-period median	Number	t_median(close, 20)
t_quantile	t_quantile(x, n, q)	q quantile over n periods	Number	t_quantile(close, 20, 0.75)
t_skew	t_skew(x, n)	n-period skewness	Number	t_skew(returns, 20)
t_kurt	t_kurt(x, n)	n-period kurtosis	Number	t_kurt(returns, 20)
t_rank	t_rank(x, n)	Rank within n periods (maximum = 1)	Integer	t_rank(close, 20)
t_pctrank	t_pctrank(x, n)	Percentile rank within n periods (0–1)	Number	t_pctrank(close, 20)
t_count	t_count(cond, n)	Number of periods for which the condition is true	Integer	t_count(close > open, 20)
t_all	t_all(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true for every period	Boolean	t_all(close > ma20, 5)
t_any	t_any(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true in any period	Boolean	t_any(volume > avg_vol * 2, 5)
t_corr	t_corr(x, y, n)	n-period rolling correlation	Number	t_corr(close, volume, 20)
t_cov	t_cov(x, y, n)	n-period rolling covariance	Number	t_cov(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_beta	t_beta(y, x, n)	n-period regression slope β	Number	t_beta(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_alpha	t_alpha(y, x, n)	n-period regression intercept α	Number	t_alpha(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_residual	t_residual(y, x, n)	n-period regression residual	Number	t_residual(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_zscore	t_zscore(x, n)	n-period time-series Z-score normalization	Number	t_zscore(close, 20)
t_scale	t_scale(x, n)	n-period time-series min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	t_scale(rsi, 20)

3. Cross-sectional operators

Calculations across all instruments, grouped by timestamp

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
c_mean	c_mean(x)	Cross-sectional mean	Number	c_mean(returns)
c_sum	c_sum(x)	Cross-sectional sum	Number	c_sum(volume)
c_max	c_max(x)	Cross-sectional maximum	Number	c_max(returns)
c_min	c_min(x)	Cross-sectional minimum	Number	c_min(returns)
c_std	c_std(x)	Cross-sectional standard deviation	Number	c_std(returns)
c_median	c_median(x)	Cross-sectional median	Number	c_median(pe_ratio)
c_rank	c_rank(x)	Cross-sectional rank (maximum = 1)	Integer	c_rank(returns)
c_pctrank	c_pctrank(x)	Cross-sectional percentile rank (0–1)	Number	c_pctrank(momentum)
c_percentile	c_percentile(x, q)	Cross-sectional quantile value	Number	c_percentile(volume, 0.9)
c_top	c_top(x, n)	Marks the top N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_top(momentum, 10)
c_bottom	c_bottom(x, n)	Marks the bottom N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_bottom(momentum, 10)
c_zscore	c_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional Z-score normalization	Number	c_zscore(pe_ratio)
c_scale	c_scale(x)	Cross-sectional min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	c_scale(volume)
c_mad_zscore	c_mad_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional MAD Z-score (robust normalization)	Number	c_mad_zscore(returns)
c_clip	c_clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to a specified interval within the cross section	Number	c_clip(zscore, -3, 3)
c_qclip	c_qclip(x, q)	Quantile clipping within the cross section	Number	c_qclip(returns, 0.01)
c_residual	c_residual(y, x)	Cross-sectional regression residual (neutralization)	Number	c_residual(returns, market_cap)
c_absunit	c_absunit(x, a?)	Cross-sectional absolute-value normalization	Number	c_absunit(alpha)

4. Technical indicators

Classic technical-analysis indicators calculated separately for each instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
ta_ma	ta_ma(x, n)	Simple Moving Average (SMA)	Number	ta_ma(close, 20)
ta_ema	ta_ema(x, n)	Exponential Moving Average (EMA)	Number	ta_ema(close, 12)
ta_wma	ta_wma(x, n)	Weighted Moving Average (WMA)	Number	ta_wma(close, 20)
ta_rsi	ta_rsi(x, n)	Relative Strength Index (RSI)	0-100	ta_rsi(close, 14)
ta_roc	ta_roc(x, n)	Rate of Change (ROC)	Number	ta_roc(close, 10)
ta_mom	ta_mom(x, n)	Momentum	Number	ta_mom(close, 10)
ta_cci	ta_cci(high, low, close, n)	Commodity Channel Index (CCI)	Number	ta_cci(high, low, close, 20)
ta_willr	ta_willr(high, low, close, n)	Williams %R	Number	ta_willr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_mfi	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, n)	Money Flow Index (MFI)	0-100	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, 14)
ta_bias	ta_bias(x, n)	Bias ratio (BIAS)	Number	ta_bias(close, 20)
ta_ultimate	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, n1, n2, n3)	Ultimate Oscillator	Number	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, 7, 14, 28)
ta_atr	ta_atr(high, low, close, n)	Average True Range (ATR)	Number	ta_atr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_natr	ta_natr(high, low, close, n)	Normalized Average True Range (NATR)	Percentage	ta_natr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_bbands_upper	ta_bbands_upper(x, n, k?)	Upper Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_upper(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_mid	ta_bbands_mid(x, n)	Middle Bollinger Band (the moving average)	Number	ta_bbands_mid(close, 20)
ta_bbands_lower	ta_bbands_lower(x, n, k?)	Lower Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_lower(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_width	ta_bbands_width(x, n, k?)	Bollinger Band width	Number	ta_bbands_width(close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_upper	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, n, k?)	Upper Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_lower	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, n, k?)	Lower Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_obv	ta_obv(close, volume)	On-Balance Volume (OBV)	Number	ta_obv(close, volume)
ta_cmf	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, n)	Chaikin Money Flow (CMF)	Number	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, 20)
ta_adosc	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, fast, slow)	Chaikin A/D Oscillator	Number	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, 3, 10)
ta_vwma	ta_vwma(close, volume, n)	Volume-Weighted Moving Average (VWMA)	Number	ta_vwma(close, volume, 20)
ta_adx	ta_adx(high, low, close, n)	Average Directional Index (ADX)	Number	ta_adx(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_plus	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, n)	Positive Directional Indicator (+DI)	Number	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_minus	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, n)	Negative Directional Indicator (-DI)	Number	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_aroon_up	ta_aroon_up(high, low, n)	Aroon Up	Number	ta_aroon_up(high, low, 25)
ta_aroon_down	ta_aroon_down(high, low, n)	Aroon Down	Number	ta_aroon_down(high, low, 25)
ta_macd_dif	ta_macd_dif(x, fast, slow)	MACD DIF line (fast line minus slow line)	Number	ta_macd_dif(close, 12, 26)
ta_macd_dea	ta_macd_dea(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD DEA line (EMA of DIF)	Number	ta_macd_dea(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_macd_hist	ta_macd_hist(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD histogram (DIF minus DEA)	Number	ta_macd_hist(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_kdj_k	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, n, k_smooth)	K line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, 9, 3)
ta_kdj_d	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	D line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_kdj_j	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	J line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_stoch_k	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, n)	Stochastic %K line	Number	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, 14)
ta_stoch_d	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, n, d_smooth)	Stochastic %D line	Number	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, 14, 3)
ta_cross_over	ta_cross_over(x, y)	Crossover signal (x crosses y from below)	Boolean	ta_cross_over(ma5, ma20)
ta_cross_under	ta_cross_under(x, y)	Crossunder signal (x crosses y from above)	Boolean	ta_cross_under(ma5, ma20)
ta_breakout_high	ta_breakout_high(high, n)	Signal when price breaks above the N-period high	Boolean	ta_breakout_high(high, 20)
ta_breakout_low	ta_breakout_low(low, n)	Signal when price breaks below the N-period low	Boolean	ta_breakout_low(low, 20)

5. Candlestick patterns

Recognition of classic candlestick patterns

Expression Operators

Where they can be used: factor expressions in data-processing nodes, condition expressions in strategy nodes, and label definitions for AI models

1. Basic operators

Element-wise calculations performed independently at each data point

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
abs	abs(x)	Absolute value	Number	abs(close - open)
log	log(x)	Natural logarithm	Number	log(volume)
exp	exp(x)	Exponential function e^x	Number	exp(returns)
sqrt	sqrt(x)	Square root	Number	sqrt(variance)
sign	sign(x)	Sign function (returns -1, 0, or 1)	-1/0/1	sign(returns)
round	round(x, decimals)	Rounds to the specified number of decimal places	Number	round(price, 2)
max	max(x, y)	Element-wise maximum	Number	max(open, close)
min	min(x, y)	Element-wise minimum	Number	min(open, close)
mean	mean([cols])	Element-wise mean across multiple columns	Number	mean([open, high, low, close])
if	if(cond, x, y)	Conditional selection	x or y	if(close > open, 1, -1)
clip	clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to [lower, upper]	Number	clip(returns, -0.1, 0.1)
qclip	qclip(x, q)	Symmetrically clips values to the [q, 1-q] quantiles	Number	qclip(returns, 0.01)

2. Time-series operators

Rolling-window calculations over time, grouped by instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
shift	shift(x, n)	Shifts by n periods (n > 0 retrieves historical values)	Number	shift(close, 1)
delta	delta(x, n)	n-period difference: x - shift(x, n)	Number	delta(close, 1)
pct	pct(x, n)	n-period rate of change: delta(x,n) / shift(x,n)	Number	pct(close, 1)
argmax	argmax(x, n)	Position of the maximum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmax(high, 20)
argmin	argmin(x, n)	Position of the minimum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmin(low, 20)
t_mean	t_mean(x, n)	n-period moving average	Number	t_mean(close, 20)
t_sum	t_sum(x, n)	n-period rolling sum	Number	t_sum(volume, 5)
t_max	t_max(x, n)	n-period maximum	Number	t_max(high, 20)
t_min	t_min(x, n)	n-period minimum	Number	t_min(low, 20)
t_std	t_std(x, n)	n-period standard deviation	Number	t_std(returns, 20)
t_var	t_var(x, n)	n-period variance	Number	t_var(returns, 20)
t_prod	t_prod(x, n)	n-period rolling product	Number	t_prod(1 + returns, 20)
t_median	t_median(x, n)	n-period median	Number	t_median(close, 20)
t_quantile	t_quantile(x, n, q)	q quantile over n periods	Number	t_quantile(close, 20, 0.75)
t_skew	t_skew(x, n)	n-period skewness	Number	t_skew(returns, 20)
t_kurt	t_kurt(x, n)	n-period kurtosis	Number	t_kurt(returns, 20)
t_rank	t_rank(x, n)	Rank within n periods (maximum = 1)	Integer	t_rank(close, 20)
t_pctrank	t_pctrank(x, n)	Percentile rank within n periods (0–1)	Number	t_pctrank(close, 20)
t_count	t_count(cond, n)	Number of periods for which the condition is true	Integer	t_count(close > open, 20)
t_all	t_all(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true for every period	Boolean	t_all(close > ma20, 5)
t_any	t_any(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true in any period	Boolean	t_any(volume > avg_vol * 2, 5)
t_corr	t_corr(x, y, n)	n-period rolling correlation	Number	t_corr(close, volume, 20)
t_cov	t_cov(x, y, n)	n-period rolling covariance	Number	t_cov(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_beta	t_beta(y, x, n)	n-period regression slope β	Number	t_beta(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_alpha	t_alpha(y, x, n)	n-period regression intercept α	Number	t_alpha(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_residual	t_residual(y, x, n)	n-period regression residual	Number	t_residual(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_zscore	t_zscore(x, n)	n-period time-series Z-score normalization	Number	t_zscore(close, 20)
t_scale	t_scale(x, n)	n-period time-series min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	t_scale(rsi, 20)

3. Cross-sectional operators

Calculations across all instruments, grouped by timestamp

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
c_mean	c_mean(x)	Cross-sectional mean	Number	c_mean(returns)
c_sum	c_sum(x)	Cross-sectional sum	Number	c_sum(volume)
c_max	c_max(x)	Cross-sectional maximum	Number	c_max(returns)
c_min	c_min(x)	Cross-sectional minimum	Number	c_min(returns)
c_std	c_std(x)	Cross-sectional standard deviation	Number	c_std(returns)
c_median	c_median(x)	Cross-sectional median	Number	c_median(pe_ratio)
c_rank	c_rank(x)	Cross-sectional rank (maximum = 1)	Integer	c_rank(returns)
c_pctrank	c_pctrank(x)	Cross-sectional percentile rank (0–1)	Number	c_pctrank(momentum)
c_percentile	c_percentile(x, q)	Cross-sectional quantile value	Number	c_percentile(volume, 0.9)
c_top	c_top(x, n)	Marks the top N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_top(momentum, 10)
c_bottom	c_bottom(x, n)	Marks the bottom N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_bottom(momentum, 10)
c_zscore	c_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional Z-score normalization	Number	c_zscore(pe_ratio)
c_scale	c_scale(x)	Cross-sectional min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	c_scale(volume)
c_mad_zscore	c_mad_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional MAD Z-score (robust normalization)	Number	c_mad_zscore(returns)
c_clip	c_clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to a specified interval within the cross section	Number	c_clip(zscore, -3, 3)
c_qclip	c_qclip(x, q)	Quantile clipping within the cross section	Number	c_qclip(returns, 0.01)
c_residual	c_residual(y, x)	Cross-sectional regression residual (neutralization)	Number	c_residual(returns, market_cap)
c_absunit	c_absunit(x, a?)	Cross-sectional absolute-value normalization	Number	c_absunit(alpha)

4. Technical indicators

Classic technical-analysis indicators calculated separately for each instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
ta_ma	ta_ma(x, n)	Simple Moving Average (SMA)	Number	ta_ma(close, 20)
ta_ema	ta_ema(x, n)	Exponential Moving Average (EMA)	Number	ta_ema(close, 12)
ta_wma	ta_wma(x, n)	Weighted Moving Average (WMA)	Number	ta_wma(close, 20)
ta_rsi	ta_rsi(x, n)	Relative Strength Index (RSI)	0-100	ta_rsi(close, 14)
ta_roc	ta_roc(x, n)	Rate of Change (ROC)	Number	ta_roc(close, 10)
ta_mom	ta_mom(x, n)	Momentum	Number	ta_mom(close, 10)
ta_cci	ta_cci(high, low, close, n)	Commodity Channel Index (CCI)	Number	ta_cci(high, low, close, 20)
ta_willr	ta_willr(high, low, close, n)	Williams %R	Number	ta_willr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_mfi	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, n)	Money Flow Index (MFI)	0-100	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, 14)
ta_bias	ta_bias(x, n)	Bias ratio (BIAS)	Number	ta_bias(close, 20)
ta_ultimate	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, n1, n2, n3)	Ultimate Oscillator	Number	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, 7, 14, 28)
ta_atr	ta_atr(high, low, close, n)	Average True Range (ATR)	Number	ta_atr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_natr	ta_natr(high, low, close, n)	Normalized Average True Range (NATR)	Percentage	ta_natr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_bbands_upper	ta_bbands_upper(x, n, k?)	Upper Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_upper(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_mid	ta_bbands_mid(x, n)	Middle Bollinger Band (the moving average)	Number	ta_bbands_mid(close, 20)
ta_bbands_lower	ta_bbands_lower(x, n, k?)	Lower Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_lower(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_width	ta_bbands_width(x, n, k?)	Bollinger Band width	Number	ta_bbands_width(close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_upper	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, n, k?)	Upper Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_lower	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, n, k?)	Lower Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_obv	ta_obv(close, volume)	On-Balance Volume (OBV)	Number	ta_obv(close, volume)
ta_cmf	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, n)	Chaikin Money Flow (CMF)	Number	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, 20)
ta_adosc	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, fast, slow)	Chaikin A/D Oscillator	Number	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, 3, 10)
ta_vwma	ta_vwma(close, volume, n)	Volume-Weighted Moving Average (VWMA)	Number	ta_vwma(close, volume, 20)
ta_adx	ta_adx(high, low, close, n)	Average Directional Index (ADX)	Number	ta_adx(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_plus	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, n)	Positive Directional Indicator (+DI)	Number	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_minus	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, n)	Negative Directional Indicator (-DI)	Number	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_aroon_up	ta_aroon_up(high, low, n)	Aroon Up	Number	ta_aroon_up(high, low, 25)
ta_aroon_down	ta_aroon_down(high, low, n)	Aroon Down	Number	ta_aroon_down(high, low, 25)
ta_macd_dif	ta_macd_dif(x, fast, slow)	MACD DIF line (fast line minus slow line)	Number	ta_macd_dif(close, 12, 26)
ta_macd_dea	ta_macd_dea(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD DEA line (EMA of DIF)	Number	ta_macd_dea(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_macd_hist	ta_macd_hist(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD histogram (DIF minus DEA)	Number	ta_macd_hist(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_kdj_k	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, n, k_smooth)	K line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, 9, 3)
ta_kdj_d	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	D line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_kdj_j	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	J line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_stoch_k	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, n)	Stochastic %K line	Number	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, 14)
ta_stoch_d	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, n, d_smooth)	Stochastic %D line	Number	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, 14, 3)
ta_cross_over	ta_cross_over(x, y)	Crossover signal (x crosses y from below)	Boolean	ta_cross_over(ma5, ma20)
ta_cross_under	ta_cross_under(x, y)	Crossunder signal (x crosses y from above)	Boolean	ta_cross_under(ma5, ma20)
ta_breakout_high	ta_breakout_high(high, n)	Signal when price breaks above the N-period high	Boolean	ta_breakout_high(high, 20)
ta_breakout_low	ta_breakout_low(low, n)	Signal when price breaks below the N-period low	Boolean	ta_breakout_low(low, 20)

5. Candlestick patterns

Recognition of classic candlestick patterns

Expression Operators

Where they can be used: factor expressions in data-processing nodes, condition expressions in strategy nodes, and label definitions for AI models

1. Basic operators

Element-wise calculations performed independently at each data point

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
abs	abs(x)	Absolute value	Number	abs(close - open)
log	log(x)	Natural logarithm	Number	log(volume)
exp	exp(x)	Exponential function e^x	Number	exp(returns)
sqrt	sqrt(x)	Square root	Number	sqrt(variance)
sign	sign(x)	Sign function (returns -1, 0, or 1)	-1/0/1	sign(returns)
round	round(x, decimals)	Rounds to the specified number of decimal places	Number	round(price, 2)
max	max(x, y)	Element-wise maximum	Number	max(open, close)
min	min(x, y)	Element-wise minimum	Number	min(open, close)
mean	mean([cols])	Element-wise mean across multiple columns	Number	mean([open, high, low, close])
if	if(cond, x, y)	Conditional selection	x or y	if(close > open, 1, -1)
clip	clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to [lower, upper]	Number	clip(returns, -0.1, 0.1)
qclip	qclip(x, q)	Symmetrically clips values to the [q, 1-q] quantiles	Number	qclip(returns, 0.01)

2. Time-series operators

Rolling-window calculations over time, grouped by instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
shift	shift(x, n)	Shifts by n periods (n > 0 retrieves historical values)	Number	shift(close, 1)
delta	delta(x, n)	n-period difference: x - shift(x, n)	Number	delta(close, 1)
pct	pct(x, n)	n-period rate of change: delta(x,n) / shift(x,n)	Number	pct(close, 1)
argmax	argmax(x, n)	Position of the maximum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmax(high, 20)
argmin	argmin(x, n)	Position of the minimum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmin(low, 20)
t_mean	t_mean(x, n)	n-period moving average	Number	t_mean(close, 20)
t_sum	t_sum(x, n)	n-period rolling sum	Number	t_sum(volume, 5)
t_max	t_max(x, n)	n-period maximum	Number	t_max(high, 20)
t_min	t_min(x, n)	n-period minimum	Number	t_min(low, 20)
t_std	t_std(x, n)	n-period standard deviation	Number	t_std(returns, 20)
t_var	t_var(x, n)	n-period variance	Number	t_var(returns, 20)
t_prod	t_prod(x, n)	n-period rolling product	Number	t_prod(1 + returns, 20)
t_median	t_median(x, n)	n-period median	Number	t_median(close, 20)
t_quantile	t_quantile(x, n, q)	q quantile over n periods	Number	t_quantile(close, 20, 0.75)
t_skew	t_skew(x, n)	n-period skewness	Number	t_skew(returns, 20)
t_kurt	t_kurt(x, n)	n-period kurtosis	Number	t_kurt(returns, 20)
t_rank	t_rank(x, n)	Rank within n periods (maximum = 1)	Integer	t_rank(close, 20)
t_pctrank	t_pctrank(x, n)	Percentile rank within n periods (0–1)	Number	t_pctrank(close, 20)
t_count	t_count(cond, n)	Number of periods for which the condition is true	Integer	t_count(close > open, 20)
t_all	t_all(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true for every period	Boolean	t_all(close > ma20, 5)
t_any	t_any(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true in any period	Boolean	t_any(volume > avg_vol * 2, 5)
t_corr	t_corr(x, y, n)	n-period rolling correlation	Number	t_corr(close, volume, 20)
t_cov	t_cov(x, y, n)	n-period rolling covariance	Number	t_cov(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_beta	t_beta(y, x, n)	n-period regression slope β	Number	t_beta(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_alpha	t_alpha(y, x, n)	n-period regression intercept α	Number	t_alpha(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_residual	t_residual(y, x, n)	n-period regression residual	Number	t_residual(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_zscore	t_zscore(x, n)	n-period time-series Z-score normalization	Number	t_zscore(close, 20)
t_scale	t_scale(x, n)	n-period time-series min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	t_scale(rsi, 20)

3. Cross-sectional operators

Calculations across all instruments, grouped by timestamp

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
c_mean	c_mean(x)	Cross-sectional mean	Number	c_mean(returns)
c_sum	c_sum(x)	Cross-sectional sum	Number	c_sum(volume)
c_max	c_max(x)	Cross-sectional maximum	Number	c_max(returns)
c_min	c_min(x)	Cross-sectional minimum	Number	c_min(returns)
c_std	c_std(x)	Cross-sectional standard deviation	Number	c_std(returns)
c_median	c_median(x)	Cross-sectional median	Number	c_median(pe_ratio)
c_rank	c_rank(x)	Cross-sectional rank (maximum = 1)	Integer	c_rank(returns)
c_pctrank	c_pctrank(x)	Cross-sectional percentile rank (0–1)	Number	c_pctrank(momentum)
c_percentile	c_percentile(x, q)	Cross-sectional quantile value	Number	c_percentile(volume, 0.9)
c_top	c_top(x, n)	Marks the top N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_top(momentum, 10)
c_bottom	c_bottom(x, n)	Marks the bottom N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_bottom(momentum, 10)
c_zscore	c_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional Z-score normalization	Number	c_zscore(pe_ratio)
c_scale	c_scale(x)	Cross-sectional min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	c_scale(volume)
c_mad_zscore	c_mad_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional MAD Z-score (robust normalization)	Number	c_mad_zscore(returns)
c_clip	c_clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to a specified interval within the cross section	Number	c_clip(zscore, -3, 3)
c_qclip	c_qclip(x, q)	Quantile clipping within the cross section	Number	c_qclip(returns, 0.01)
c_residual	c_residual(y, x)	Cross-sectional regression residual (neutralization)	Number	c_residual(returns, market_cap)
c_absunit	c_absunit(x, a?)	Cross-sectional absolute-value normalization	Number	c_absunit(alpha)

4. Technical indicators

Classic technical-analysis indicators calculated separately for each instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
ta_ma	ta_ma(x, n)	Simple Moving Average (SMA)	Number	ta_ma(close, 20)
ta_ema	ta_ema(x, n)	Exponential Moving Average (EMA)	Number	ta_ema(close, 12)
ta_wma	ta_wma(x, n)	Weighted Moving Average (WMA)	Number	ta_wma(close, 20)
ta_rsi	ta_rsi(x, n)	Relative Strength Index (RSI)	0-100	ta_rsi(close, 14)
ta_roc	ta_roc(x, n)	Rate of Change (ROC)	Number	ta_roc(close, 10)
ta_mom	ta_mom(x, n)	Momentum	Number	ta_mom(close, 10)
ta_cci	ta_cci(high, low, close, n)	Commodity Channel Index (CCI)	Number	ta_cci(high, low, close, 20)
ta_willr	ta_willr(high, low, close, n)	Williams %R	Number	ta_willr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_mfi	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, n)	Money Flow Index (MFI)	0-100	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, 14)
ta_bias	ta_bias(x, n)	Bias ratio (BIAS)	Number	ta_bias(close, 20)
ta_ultimate	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, n1, n2, n3)	Ultimate Oscillator	Number	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, 7, 14, 28)
ta_atr	ta_atr(high, low, close, n)	Average True Range (ATR)	Number	ta_atr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_natr	ta_natr(high, low, close, n)	Normalized Average True Range (NATR)	Percentage	ta_natr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_bbands_upper	ta_bbands_upper(x, n, k?)	Upper Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_upper(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_mid	ta_bbands_mid(x, n)	Middle Bollinger Band (the moving average)	Number	ta_bbands_mid(close, 20)
ta_bbands_lower	ta_bbands_lower(x, n, k?)	Lower Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_lower(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_width	ta_bbands_width(x, n, k?)	Bollinger Band width	Number	ta_bbands_width(close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_upper	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, n, k?)	Upper Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_lower	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, n, k?)	Lower Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_obv	ta_obv(close, volume)	On-Balance Volume (OBV)	Number	ta_obv(close, volume)
ta_cmf	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, n)	Chaikin Money Flow (CMF)	Number	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, 20)
ta_adosc	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, fast, slow)	Chaikin A/D Oscillator	Number	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, 3, 10)
ta_vwma	ta_vwma(close, volume, n)	Volume-Weighted Moving Average (VWMA)	Number	ta_vwma(close, volume, 20)
ta_adx	ta_adx(high, low, close, n)	Average Directional Index (ADX)	Number	ta_adx(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_plus	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, n)	Positive Directional Indicator (+DI)	Number	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_minus	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, n)	Negative Directional Indicator (-DI)	Number	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_aroon_up	ta_aroon_up(high, low, n)	Aroon Up	Number	ta_aroon_up(high, low, 25)
ta_aroon_down	ta_aroon_down(high, low, n)	Aroon Down	Number	ta_aroon_down(high, low, 25)
ta_macd_dif	ta_macd_dif(x, fast, slow)	MACD DIF line (fast line minus slow line)	Number	ta_macd_dif(close, 12, 26)
ta_macd_dea	ta_macd_dea(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD DEA line (EMA of DIF)	Number	ta_macd_dea(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_macd_hist	ta_macd_hist(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD histogram (DIF minus DEA)	Number	ta_macd_hist(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_kdj_k	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, n, k_smooth)	K line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, 9, 3)
ta_kdj_d	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	D line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_kdj_j	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	J line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_stoch_k	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, n)	Stochastic %K line	Number	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, 14)
ta_stoch_d	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, n, d_smooth)	Stochastic %D line	Number	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, 14, 3)
ta_cross_over	ta_cross_over(x, y)	Crossover signal (x crosses y from below)	Boolean	ta_cross_over(ma5, ma20)
ta_cross_under	ta_cross_under(x, y)	Crossunder signal (x crosses y from above)	Boolean	ta_cross_under(ma5, ma20)
ta_breakout_high	ta_breakout_high(high, n)	Signal when price breaks above the N-period high	Boolean	ta_breakout_high(high, 20)
ta_breakout_low	ta_breakout_low(low, n)	Signal when price breaks below the N-period low	Boolean	ta_breakout_low(low, 20)

5. Candlestick patterns

Recognition of classic candlestick patterns

Expression syntax

Data fields

Expression Operators

Where they can be used: factor expressions in data-processing nodes, condition expressions in strategy nodes, and label definitions for AI models

1. Basic operators

Element-wise calculations performed independently at each data point

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
abs	abs(x)	Absolute value	Number	abs(close - open)
log	log(x)	Natural logarithm	Number	log(volume)
exp	exp(x)	Exponential function e^x	Number	exp(returns)
sqrt	sqrt(x)	Square root	Number	sqrt(variance)
sign	sign(x)	Sign function (returns -1, 0, or 1)	-1/0/1	sign(returns)
round	round(x, decimals)	Rounds to the specified number of decimal places	Number	round(price, 2)
max	max(x, y)	Element-wise maximum	Number	max(open, close)
min	min(x, y)	Element-wise minimum	Number	min(open, close)
mean	mean([cols])	Element-wise mean across multiple columns	Number	mean([open, high, low, close])
if	if(cond, x, y)	Conditional selection	x or y	if(close > open, 1, -1)
clip	clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to [lower, upper]	Number	clip(returns, -0.1, 0.1)
qclip	qclip(x, q)	Symmetrically clips values to the [q, 1-q] quantiles	Number	qclip(returns, 0.01)

2. Time-series operators

Rolling-window calculations over time, grouped by instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
shift	shift(x, n)	Shifts by n periods (n > 0 retrieves historical values)	Number	shift(close, 1)
delta	delta(x, n)	n-period difference: x - shift(x, n)	Number	delta(close, 1)
pct	pct(x, n)	n-period rate of change: delta(x,n) / shift(x,n)	Number	pct(close, 1)
argmax	argmax(x, n)	Position of the maximum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmax(high, 20)
argmin	argmin(x, n)	Position of the minimum over n periods (1–n)	Integer	argmin(low, 20)
t_mean	t_mean(x, n)	n-period moving average	Number	t_mean(close, 20)
t_sum	t_sum(x, n)	n-period rolling sum	Number	t_sum(volume, 5)
t_max	t_max(x, n)	n-period maximum	Number	t_max(high, 20)
t_min	t_min(x, n)	n-period minimum	Number	t_min(low, 20)
t_std	t_std(x, n)	n-period standard deviation	Number	t_std(returns, 20)
t_var	t_var(x, n)	n-period variance	Number	t_var(returns, 20)
t_prod	t_prod(x, n)	n-period rolling product	Number	t_prod(1 + returns, 20)
t_median	t_median(x, n)	n-period median	Number	t_median(close, 20)
t_quantile	t_quantile(x, n, q)	q quantile over n periods	Number	t_quantile(close, 20, 0.75)
t_skew	t_skew(x, n)	n-period skewness	Number	t_skew(returns, 20)
t_kurt	t_kurt(x, n)	n-period kurtosis	Number	t_kurt(returns, 20)
t_rank	t_rank(x, n)	Rank within n periods (maximum = 1)	Integer	t_rank(close, 20)
t_pctrank	t_pctrank(x, n)	Percentile rank within n periods (0–1)	Number	t_pctrank(close, 20)
t_count	t_count(cond, n)	Number of periods for which the condition is true	Integer	t_count(close > open, 20)
t_all	t_all(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true for every period	Boolean	t_all(close > ma20, 5)
t_any	t_any(cond, n)	Whether the condition is true in any period	Boolean	t_any(volume > avg_vol * 2, 5)
t_corr	t_corr(x, y, n)	n-period rolling correlation	Number	t_corr(close, volume, 20)
t_cov	t_cov(x, y, n)	n-period rolling covariance	Number	t_cov(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_beta	t_beta(y, x, n)	n-period regression slope β	Number	t_beta(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_alpha	t_alpha(y, x, n)	n-period regression intercept α	Number	t_alpha(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_residual	t_residual(y, x, n)	n-period regression residual	Number	t_residual(returns, market_returns, 60)
t_zscore	t_zscore(x, n)	n-period time-series Z-score normalization	Number	t_zscore(close, 20)
t_scale	t_scale(x, n)	n-period time-series min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	t_scale(rsi, 20)

3. Cross-sectional operators

Calculations across all instruments, grouped by timestamp

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
c_mean	c_mean(x)	Cross-sectional mean	Number	c_mean(returns)
c_sum	c_sum(x)	Cross-sectional sum	Number	c_sum(volume)
c_max	c_max(x)	Cross-sectional maximum	Number	c_max(returns)
c_min	c_min(x)	Cross-sectional minimum	Number	c_min(returns)
c_std	c_std(x)	Cross-sectional standard deviation	Number	c_std(returns)
c_median	c_median(x)	Cross-sectional median	Number	c_median(pe_ratio)
c_rank	c_rank(x)	Cross-sectional rank (maximum = 1)	Integer	c_rank(returns)
c_pctrank	c_pctrank(x)	Cross-sectional percentile rank (0–1)	Number	c_pctrank(momentum)
c_percentile	c_percentile(x, q)	Cross-sectional quantile value	Number	c_percentile(volume, 0.9)
c_top	c_top(x, n)	Marks the top N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_top(momentum, 10)
c_bottom	c_bottom(x, n)	Marks the bottom N values in the cross section	Boolean	c_bottom(momentum, 10)
c_zscore	c_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional Z-score normalization	Number	c_zscore(pe_ratio)
c_scale	c_scale(x)	Cross-sectional min-max normalization to [0,1]	Number	c_scale(volume)
c_mad_zscore	c_mad_zscore(x)	Cross-sectional MAD Z-score (robust normalization)	Number	c_mad_zscore(returns)
c_clip	c_clip(x, lower, upper)	Clips values to a specified interval within the cross section	Number	c_clip(zscore, -3, 3)
c_qclip	c_qclip(x, q)	Quantile clipping within the cross section	Number	c_qclip(returns, 0.01)
c_residual	c_residual(y, x)	Cross-sectional regression residual (neutralization)	Number	c_residual(returns, market_cap)
c_absunit	c_absunit(x, a?)	Cross-sectional absolute-value normalization	Number	c_absunit(alpha)

4. Technical indicators

Classic technical-analysis indicators calculated separately for each instrument

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
ta_ma	ta_ma(x, n)	Simple Moving Average (SMA)	Number	ta_ma(close, 20)
ta_ema	ta_ema(x, n)	Exponential Moving Average (EMA)	Number	ta_ema(close, 12)
ta_wma	ta_wma(x, n)	Weighted Moving Average (WMA)	Number	ta_wma(close, 20)
ta_rsi	ta_rsi(x, n)	Relative Strength Index (RSI)	0-100	ta_rsi(close, 14)
ta_roc	ta_roc(x, n)	Rate of Change (ROC)	Number	ta_roc(close, 10)
ta_mom	ta_mom(x, n)	Momentum	Number	ta_mom(close, 10)
ta_cci	ta_cci(high, low, close, n)	Commodity Channel Index (CCI)	Number	ta_cci(high, low, close, 20)
ta_willr	ta_willr(high, low, close, n)	Williams %R	Number	ta_willr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_mfi	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, n)	Money Flow Index (MFI)	0-100	ta_mfi(high, low, close, volume, 14)
ta_bias	ta_bias(x, n)	Bias ratio (BIAS)	Number	ta_bias(close, 20)
ta_ultimate	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, n1, n2, n3)	Ultimate Oscillator	Number	ta_ultimate(high, low, close, 7, 14, 28)
ta_atr	ta_atr(high, low, close, n)	Average True Range (ATR)	Number	ta_atr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_natr	ta_natr(high, low, close, n)	Normalized Average True Range (NATR)	Percentage	ta_natr(high, low, close, 14)
ta_bbands_upper	ta_bbands_upper(x, n, k?)	Upper Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_upper(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_mid	ta_bbands_mid(x, n)	Middle Bollinger Band (the moving average)	Number	ta_bbands_mid(close, 20)
ta_bbands_lower	ta_bbands_lower(x, n, k?)	Lower Bollinger Band	Number	ta_bbands_lower(close, 20, 2)
ta_bbands_width	ta_bbands_width(x, n, k?)	Bollinger Band width	Number	ta_bbands_width(close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_upper	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, n, k?)	Upper Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_upper(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_kc_lower	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, n, k?)	Lower Keltner Channel	Number	ta_kc_lower(high, low, close, 20, 2)
ta_obv	ta_obv(close, volume)	On-Balance Volume (OBV)	Number	ta_obv(close, volume)
ta_cmf	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, n)	Chaikin Money Flow (CMF)	Number	ta_cmf(high, low, close, volume, 20)
ta_adosc	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, fast, slow)	Chaikin A/D Oscillator	Number	ta_adosc(high, low, close, volume, 3, 10)
ta_vwma	ta_vwma(close, volume, n)	Volume-Weighted Moving Average (VWMA)	Number	ta_vwma(close, volume, 20)
ta_adx	ta_adx(high, low, close, n)	Average Directional Index (ADX)	Number	ta_adx(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_plus	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, n)	Positive Directional Indicator (+DI)	Number	ta_dmi_plus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_dmi_minus	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, n)	Negative Directional Indicator (-DI)	Number	ta_dmi_minus(high, low, close, 14)
ta_aroon_up	ta_aroon_up(high, low, n)	Aroon Up	Number	ta_aroon_up(high, low, 25)
ta_aroon_down	ta_aroon_down(high, low, n)	Aroon Down	Number	ta_aroon_down(high, low, 25)
ta_macd_dif	ta_macd_dif(x, fast, slow)	MACD DIF line (fast line minus slow line)	Number	ta_macd_dif(close, 12, 26)
ta_macd_dea	ta_macd_dea(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD DEA line (EMA of DIF)	Number	ta_macd_dea(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_macd_hist	ta_macd_hist(x, fast, slow, signal)	MACD histogram (DIF minus DEA)	Number	ta_macd_hist(close, 12, 26, 9)
ta_kdj_k	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, n, k_smooth)	K line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_k(high, low, close, 9, 3)
ta_kdj_d	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	D line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_d(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_kdj_j	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, n, k_smooth, d_smooth)	J line of the KDJ indicator	Number	ta_kdj_j(high, low, close, 9, 3, 3)
ta_stoch_k	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, n)	Stochastic %K line	Number	ta_stoch_k(high, low, close, 14)
ta_stoch_d	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, n, d_smooth)	Stochastic %D line	Number	ta_stoch_d(high, low, close, 14, 3)
ta_cross_over	ta_cross_over(x, y)	Crossover signal (x crosses y from below)	Boolean	ta_cross_over(ma5, ma20)
ta_cross_under	ta_cross_under(x, y)	Crossunder signal (x crosses y from above)	Boolean	ta_cross_under(ma5, ma20)
ta_breakout_high	ta_breakout_high(high, n)	Signal when price breaks above the N-period high	Boolean	ta_breakout_high(high, 20)
ta_breakout_low	ta_breakout_low(low, n)	Signal when price breaks below the N-period low	Boolean	ta_breakout_low(low, 20)

5. Candlestick patterns

Recognition of classic candlestick patterns

Operator	Syntax	Description	Return type	Example
ta_marubozu_bull	ta_marubozu_bull(open, close, high, low)	Bullish marubozu	Boolean	ta_marubozu_bull(open, close, high, low)
ta_marubozu_bear	ta_marubozu_bear(open, close, high, low)	Bearish marubozu	Boolean	ta_marubozu_bear(open, close, high, low)
ta_doji	ta_doji(open, close, high, low)	Doji	Boolean	ta_doji(open, close, high, low)
ta_pin_bar_long	ta_pin_bar_long(open, close, high, low)	Bullish pin bar (long lower wick)	Boolean	ta_pin_bar_long(open, close, high, low)
ta_pin_bar_short	ta_pin_bar_short(open, close, high, low)	Bearish pin bar (long upper wick)	Boolean	ta_pin_bar_short(open, close, high, low)
ta_inside_bar_bull	ta_inside_bar_bull(high, low, close)	Bullish inside bar	Boolean	ta_inside_bar_bull(high, low, close)
ta_inside_bar_bear	ta_inside_bar_bear(high, low, close)	Bearish inside bar	Boolean	ta_inside_bar_bear(high, low, close)
ta_engulfing_bull	ta_engulfing_bull(open, close)	Bullish engulfing pattern	Boolean	ta_engulfing_bull(open, close)
ta_engulfing_bear	ta_engulfing_bear(open, close)	Bearish engulfing pattern	Boolean	ta_engulfing_bear(open, close)
ta_three_rising	ta_three_rising(close)	Three consecutive rising closes	Boolean	ta_three_rising(close)
ta_three_falling	ta_three_falling(close)	Three consecutive falling closes	Boolean	ta_three_falling(close)
ta_hammer	ta_hammer(open, close, high, low)	Hammer	Boolean	ta_hammer(open, close, high, low)
ta_shooting_star	ta_shooting_star(open, close, high, low)	Shooting star	Boolean	ta_shooting_star(open, close, high, low)
ta_morning_star	ta_morning_star(open, close, high, low)	Morning star	Boolean	ta_morning_star(open, close, high, low)
ta_evening_star	ta_evening_star(open, close, high, low)	Evening star	Boolean	ta_evening_star(open, close, high, low)
ta_top_divergence	ta_top_divergence(price, indicator, n)	Bearish divergence signal	Boolean	ta_top_divergence(close, rsi, 20)
ta_bottom_divergence	ta_bottom_divergence(price, indicator, n)	Bullish divergence signal	Boolean	ta_bottom_divergence(close, rsi, 20)